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        [1] PYMNTS, "The Value of Vaults to Merchants," 2023.
[2] Vesta | False declines and false positives are costing you revenue - Ekata, a Mastercard company.
[3] Mastercard internal data. Benchmarked 2024 sample of MDES for Merchants customers on card-not-present first attempt transactions.
[4] TAS is a service under Mastercard's Token Authentication Framework, for which effective dates vary by region.
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